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1.What are the two symptoms frequently attributable to diseases of the large bowel?
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Correct answer:
Diarrhoea and constipation.
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2. What are the causes of constipation?
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Correct answer:
(1) Organic obstruction:
(a) carcinoma of the colon;
(b) diverticular disease.
(2) Painful anal conditions:
(a) fissure in ano;
(b) prolapsed piles.
(3) Adynamic bowel:
(a) Hirschsprung's disease;
(b) senility;
(c) spinal cord injuries and disease;
(d) myxoedema;
(e) Parkinson's disease.
(4) Drugs:
(a) aspirin;
(b) opiate analgesics;
(c) anticholinergics;
(d) ganglion blockers.
(5) Habit and diet:
(a) dyschezia (rectal stasis due to faulty bowel habit);
(b) dehydration;
(c) starvation;
(d) lack of bulk in diet.
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3. What are the organic causes of constipation?
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Correct answer:
Carcinoma of the colon; diverticular disease.
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4. What are the painful anal conditions which can cause constipation?
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Correct answer:
Fissure in ano; prolapsed piles.
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5. What are the causes of adynamic bowel which can cause constipation?
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Correct answer:
(1) Hirschsprung's disease.
(2) Senility.
(3) Spinal cord injuries and disease.
(4) Myxoedema.
(5) Parkinson's disease.
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6. Which drugs can cause constipation?
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Correct answer:
(1) Ganglion blockers.
(2) Opiate analgesics.
(3) Aspirin.
(4) Anticholinergics.
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7. What are the habitual and dietary causes of constipation?
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Correct answer:
(1) Dyschezia (rectal stasis due to faulty bowel habit).
(2) Dehydration.
(3) Starvation.
(4) Lack of bulk in diet.
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8. What are the general categories of the causes of constipation?
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Correct answer:
(1) Adynamic.
(2) Habit and diet.
(3) Drugs.
(4) Organic obstruction.
(5) Painful anal conditions.
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9. What are the general categories of the causes of diarrhoea?
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Correct answer:
(1) General diseases.
(2) Pancreatic dysfunction.
(3) Loss of absorptive surface.
(4) Drugs.
(5) Postgastrectomy and vagotomy.
(6) Inflammation or irritation of the intestine.
(7) Specific infections.
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10. Which specific infections can cause diarrhoea?
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Correct answer:
(1) Food poisoning (e.g. Salmonella).
(2) Dysentery (amoebic and bacillary).
(3) Cholera.
(4) Viral enterocolitis.
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11. Which inflammatory and irritative conditions of the intestine cause diarrhoea?
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Correct answer:
(1) Crohn’s disease.
(2) Ulcerative colitis.
(3) Tumours of the large bowel.
(4) Diverticular disease.
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12. Which drugs can cause diarrhoea?
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Correct answer:
(1) Antibiotics and antibiotic-induced colitis.
(2) Purgatives.
(3) Erythromycin.
(4) Digitalis.
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13. Why does erythromycin cause diarrhoea?
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Correct answer:
It stimulates the motilin receptor.
